The woman had originally agreed to the images but this consent stopped when the relationship ended, the court said.
Germany has some of the strictest privacy laws in Europe.
The Federal Court was called upon to rule in a dispute between a former couple, who were arguing over whether or not the man should delete intimate photos and videos.
In its ruling (in German), the court said everyone had the right to decide whether to grant insight into their sex life - including to whom they grant permission and in what form.
It said that by retaining the images, the photographer had a certain "manipulative power" over his ex-lover.
He should no longer have rights to the photos and videos once the relationship had ended, it concluded.
It is not clear how the ruling will be enforced.
What counts as 'intimate'?Recent cases of naked images being leaked online have sparked a debate about victims' rights, with some countries making so-called "revenge porn" a criminal offence.
Commenting on the Federal Court ruling, German lawyer Katja Weber said two important points had to be established in such cases:
Which photos are to be defined as "intimate"
Whether the original consent for having the pictures taken was restricted to the duration of the relationship.
She said "intimate" photos were not exclusively those taken before, during or after sex. However, "that was the type of photo considered in this case", she said.
"One can imagine plenty of situations where, during a relationship, compromising photos might be taken.
"Even, for instance, photos showing one's partner minus some clothes can be categorised as intimate shots, which should therefore be deleted."
Consent for having the pictures taken does not have to be written - it can be verbal, the lawyer added.
If someone maintains that their ex-partner was willing for the photos to be used after the end of the relationship, that consent would still have to be proven, according to the new ruling, Ms Weber argued.